Aeromechanics of passive rotation in flapping flight

By John Peter Whitney, Robert J. Wood. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2010

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Effects of flexibility on the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings (2011, methodology): “In the present study the acceleration–reaction force is further approximated as the added mass force (see § 5.1 and also Whitney & Wood 2010) for the rigid flat plate, i.e. (5.8), by assuming the acceleration due to the wing deformation remains small compared to the acceleration from the imposed…”
Progress on ‘pico’ air vehicles (2012, methodology): “A combination of these methods, the ‘blade-element’ method (Whitney and Wood, 2010), merges quasi-steady flow analysis with empirically fit force and torque coefficients which hide all of the unsteady terms behind these coefficients.”
Flapping wing micro-aerial-vehicle: Kinematics, membranes, and flapping mechanisms of ornithopter and insect flight (2016, background): “As compared to insect flight, which consists of 3 degree-of-freedom, the third degree, the active wing rotation is replaced by passive wing rotation in ornithopter flight (also known as ‘feathering’).(49) Passive rotation is caused by the mass inertial force of the wings during flapping.”