Reflections on the ballast water dispersal- : harmful algal bloom paradigm

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Harmful dinoflagellate blooms caused by Cochlodinium sp.: Global expansion and ecological strategies facilitating bloom formation (2012, background): “, 2008), ballast water transport (Smayda, 2007), or climate change (Hallegraeff, 2010).”
Complexity in the eutrophication–harmful algal bloom relationship, with comment on the importance of grazing (2008, background): “Seedings into recipient habitats do not change the physical and chemical factors that affect cellular and population growth, or energy flow (Smayda, 2007).”
A phylogeographical study of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate genus Ostreopsis Schmidt (2010, background): “The lack of geographical barriers and the mixing of waters due to wind, waves and currents should also facilitate the dispersal of marine plankton (Palumbi, 2003; Smayda, 2007).”
The globally distributed genus Alexandrium: multifaceted roles in marine ecosystems and impacts on human health (2012, background): “In some cases, species considered as exotic may turn out to be part of a ‘‘hidden flora’’, and their emergence may then be attributed to climate change or to other processes that alter the environment in a way that favors their detection (Smayda, 2007).”