Binary dietary responses of northern gannets Sula bassana indicate changing food web and oceanographic conditions

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Diet studies of seabirds: a review and recommendations (2007, background): “The diets of conspecific seabirds can vary considerably among colonies and oceanographic regions (Schneider and Hunt, 1982; Barrett et al., 1987; Montevecchi et al., 1992; Garthe et al., 2007), as well as seasonally (e.g. Barrett et al., 1987; Hedd and Montevecchi, 2006).”
Influence of local and regional prey availability on breeding performance of African penguins Spheniscus demersus (2013, background): “However, responses may differ among species or parameters (e.g. Montevecchi 2007, Piatt et al. 2007), and while an apparent decrease in the estimated abundance of sardine corresponded to a non-linear decrease in the breeding population counted at Robben Island and a non-linear increase in fledging…”
Changes in diet and trophic position of a top predator 10 years after a mass mortality of a key prey (2010, background): “However, resulting changes in seabird populations are often gradual, being detected over several years, and are often non-linear (Furness and Tasker, 2000; Montevecchi, 2007; Piatt et al., 2007).”
Seabirds as indicators of marine food supplies: Cairns revisited (2007, background): “Seabirds are in most circumstances unlikely to gauge subtle or continuous changes, but they may perform well as binary indicators (Montevecchi 2007, this Theme Section) that signal changes from good to bad, and vice versa.”