Aqueous-phase exfoliation of graphite in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone for the production of water-soluble graphenes

By A. Bourlinos, V. Georgakilas, Radek Zboril, T. Steriotis, A. Stubos, C. Trapalis. 2009

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Production and processing of graphene and related materials (2020, background): “GRM dispersions in water can also be stabilized by using a wide range of polymers [167, 195- 199], such as ethyl cellulose (EC) [196], cellulose acetate (CA) [195], lignin [198], polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) [197], and even more complex systems [167, 199].”
A manufacturing perspective on graphene dispersions (2015, methodology): “PVP has been widely used to aid the exfoliation of graphene [213] and for the dispersion of rGO [214] in aqueous conditions to concentrations as high as 6.”
Polymer-stabilized graphene dispersions at high concentrations in organic solvents for nanocomposite production (2011, methodology): “3 Studies of pristine graphene dispersion (without oxidation) have largely focused on aqueous solutions, where graphite may be sonicated in the presence of surfactants such as sodium chlorate or sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) [18-27].”