Distinguishing Hope from Optimism and Related Affective States

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Gratitude predicts hope and happiness: A two-study assessment of traits and states (2019, background): “Second, Bruininks and Malle (2005) characterize hope as a positive and anticipatory emotion that emphasizes important outcomes that are not entirely within one’s own control.”
Re-examining hope: The roles of agency thinking and pathways thinking (2010, background): “If so, then the findings that agency thinking was positively related to hope are consistent with past studies (e.g., Bruininks & Malle, 2005; Roseman et al., 1990; Smith & Ellsworth, 1985) in suggesting that hopeful people tend to think that desired goals are attainable even if personal resources…”
Future orientation in times of threat and challenge: How resilient adolescents construct their future (2008, background): “…& Seligman, 1993) and social psychological (Snyder et al., 1991) research, and studies focusing on the nature of hope (Averill, Catlin, & Chon, 1990; Bruininks & Malle, 2005; Roseman, Spindel, & Jose, 1990) suggest it has a pivotal role in mediating the high challenge-psychological outcomes links.”