Beyond the Median: Voter Preferences, District Heterogeneity, and Political Representation

By E. Gerber, Jeffrey B. Lewis. Journal of Political Economy, 2004

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Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts (2013, methodology): “Other methods for scaling political actors have been developed (e.g., Gerber and Lewis 2004; Bonica 2011), but they rely on particular disclosure institutions that are often absent in other democracies.”
Large Language Models Can Be Used to Estimate the Latent Positions of Politicians (2023, methodology): “Specifically, we concatenate the above answer with the following prompt: In the above Text, who is described to be the more liberal, more progressive, or less conservative senator: [senator 1] or [senator 2]?”