Human hepatitis C virus NS5A protein alters intracellular calcium levels, induces oxidative stress, and activates STAT-3 and NF-κB

By G. Gong, G. Waris, Rasheeda Tanveer, A. Siddiqui. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2001

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Genetic diversity and evolution of hepatitis C virus--15 years on. (2004, background): “, 1997), blocking apoptotic pathways through sequestration of p53, modulation of intracellular calcium levels and binding to growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Tan et al., 1999; Gong et al., 2001; Majumder et al., 2001) and induction of anti-inflammatory interleukin 8 secretion (Polyak et al.”
Flaviviridae :T he Viruses and Their Replication (2007, background): “Overexpression of NS5A has been reported to induce a number of effects in cells, including oxidative stress; activation of signaling pathways, including STAT3, PI3K, and NF-κB; and altered transcriptional regulation (227,262,681).”
iArc monogrAphs on the evAluAtion oF cArcinogenic risks to humAns (2012, background): “Apart from the importance of hepatocyte necrosis and regeneration in generating oxidative damage, the HCV core and NS5a proteins have been reported to directly generate reactive oxygen species (Gong et al., 2001; Okuda et al., 2002).”