Hardening by Annealing and Softening by Deformation in Nanostructured Metals

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Synergetic Strengthening by Gradient Structure (2014, background): “[8–14] For example, extensive research for the past three decades has produced ultrastrong nanocrystalline materials,[15– 17] but they usually have low ductility.”
Disclinations, dislocations and continuous defects: a reappraisal (2007, background): “Huang et al. (2006) have observed that the number of subboundaries decreases under high T annealing, so that the grains necessarily ’roll’ (Shan et al., 2004), the trend being seemingly toward a polynanocrystal with large misorientation grain boundaries only.”
Extraordinary strain hardening by gradient structure (2014, neutral): “Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(10):5597–5600.”
Heterogeneous lamella structure unites ultrafine-grain strength with coarse-grain ductility (2015, background): “This is due to the shortage of mobile dislocations at the onset of plastic deformation (8, 16), which makes it necessary for dislocations to glide faster to accommodate the applied constant strain rate.”