Grain coarsening inhibited by solute segregation

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Grain boundary segregation engineering in metallic alloys: A pathway to the design of interfaces (2014, unknown): “Important applications of such simulations towards GBSE can be seen in simulation on the topic of grain size stabilization in nanocrystalline materials [17,104,105] owing to the segregation-driven reduction in GB energy [22,23,43,105].”
Microstructural design of hard coatings (2006, background): “As an example for the latter, in the Fe–P system the grain boundary energy decreases linearly with the logarithm of P content and should approach zero, where the kinetics of P segregation determines the kinetics of grain coarsening [203].”
Design of Stable Nanocrystalline Alloys (2012, background): “Whereas one approach to the problem is a classical kinetic strategy, that is, including alloying elements to slow grain growth, there is increasing interest in the notion of genuine thermodynamic stabilization of grain boundaries (12-18).”
Thermal stability of nanocrystalline materials: thermodynamics and kinetics (2017, methodology): “Neglecting the dependence of γ0 and Hseg on temperature, by differentiating equation (33) with respect to T, the temperature dependence of Deq can be expressed as [31]”