Tire wear particles in the aquatic environment - A review on generation, analysis, occurrence, fate and effects.
By Stephan Wagner, Thorsten Hüffer, Philipp Klöckner, Maren Wehrhahn, T. Hofmann, T. Reemtsma. Water Research, 2018
819 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Tire wear particles (TWP), generated from tire material during use on roads have gained increasing attention as part of organic particulate contaminants, such as microplastic, in aquatic environments. The available information on properties and generation of TWP, analytical techniques to determine TWP, emissions, occurrence and behavior and ecotoxicological effects of TWP are reviewed with a focus on surface water as a potential receptor. TWP emissions are traffic related and contribute 5-30% to non-exhaust emissions from traffic. The mass of TWP generated is estimated at 1,327,000 t/a for the European Union, 1,120,000 t/a for the United States and 133,000 t/a for Germany. For Germany, this is equivalent to four times the amount of pesticides used. The mass of TWP ultimately entering the aquatic environment strongly depends on the extent of collection and treatment of road runoff, which is highly variable. For the German highways it is estimated that up to 11,000 t/a of TWP reach surface waters. Data on TWP concentrations in the environment, including surface waters are fragmentary, which is also due to the lack of suitable analytical methods for their determination. Information on TWP properties such as density and size distribution are missing; this hampers assessing the fate of TWP in the aquatic environment. Effects in the aquatic environment may stem from TWP itself or from compounds released from TWP. It is concluded that reliable knowledge on transport mechanism to surface waters, concentrations in surface waters and sediments, effects of aging, environmental half-lives of TWP as well as effects on aquatic organisms are missing. These aspects need to be addressed to allow for the assessment of risk of TWP in an aquatic environment.
Subfields: Automotive Engineering, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Pollution
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5a9d5371abc12d503f01b2041cfb8dc7120a786b
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In Automotive Engineering
In Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
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Citations in the corpus
- Evaluation of Tire Wear Contribution to PM2.5 in Urban Environments (2019, background): “Given the complex composition of the TRWP, a variety of analytical techniques ave been proposed, but the only ones with sufficient specificity to the particles are chemic l markers associated with the tread rubber, which include monomers styrene and 1,3-but diene, as well as the dimer vinylcyclohexe”
- Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) - A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment. (2020, methodology): “From the measured SBR concentrations we derived absolute tyre wear concentrations whereas we assumed an average SBR content in tyres of 11.3% referring to worldwide production and all types of tyres (trucks and passenger cars) as reported by Eisentraut et al. (2018).”
- Microplastic Contamination in Freshwater Environments: A Review, Focusing on Interactions with Sediments and Benthic Organisms (2020, background): “The frequency of trucks and buses passing by further influences the amount of TWPs released into the environment [35], and for these reasons a specific treatment of road runoff waters is usually foreseen in order to avoid percolation into groundwater and dispersal into surface water systems [36].”
- Are We Speaking the Same Language? Recommendations for a Definition and Categorization Framework for Plastic Debris. (2019, background): “The exact composition of tires depends on their application.(18) To classify TWP as plastic debris, two questions need to be addressed: First, are rubbers plastics? Here, we argue that they should be covered by the proposed definition (see criterion Ic).”