Effects of a butenolide present in smoke on light-mediated germination of Australian Asteraceae

By D. Merritt, M. Kristiansen, Gavin R. Flematti, S. Turner, E. Ghisalberti, R. Trengove, Kingsley W. Dixon. Seed Science Research, 2006

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Seed dormancy and germination stimulation syndromes for Australian temperate species (2007, background): “To this end, considerable research effort has been directed towards understanding seed germination and dormancy traits in the Australian flora (Mott 1974; Dixon et al. 1995; Plummer et al. 1995; Roche et al. 1997; Bell 1999; Morris 2000; Tieu et al. 2001a, 2001b; Flematti et al. 2004; Baker et al. 2”
Seed germination of agricultural weeds is promoted by the butenolide 3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one under laboratory and field conditions (2007, methodology): “The remarkable activity of the butenolide (germination promotion at <0.67 nM; Flematti et al. 2004, 2007; van Staden et al. 2004, 2006; Merritt et al. 2006) means that for the first time a method of applying smoke technology (and germination stimulants) to management of weeds in agricultural…”
Smoke-derived butenolide: Towards understanding its biological effects (2009, unknown): “Species responding positively to butenolide include those from fire-prone environments (Flematti et al., 2004; Merritt et al., 2006), arable weeds (Daws et al.”
Butenolide from plant-derived smoke enhances germination and seedling growth of arable weed species (2006, methodology): “Thus, butenolide has been reported to have similar effects on germination as GA3 on Australian Asteraceae (Merritt et al. 2006) and smoke affects endogenous GA synthesis and ABA content (Van Staden et al. 2000).”