Highly porous fibers prepared by electrospinning a ternary system of nonsolvent/solvent/poly(l-lactic acid)

By Zhonghua Qi, Hao Yu, Yanmo Chen, Meifang Zhu. 2009

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Highly porous electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based carbon fiber (2011, background): “a mixed solvent of low boiling point dichloromethane (solvent) and high boiling point butanol (nonsolvent) combined in a 60/40 ratio [19].”
Porous electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) fibres by phase separation (2015, methodology): “A different approach involves the addition of non-solvent with higher boiling point than that of the good solvent, in the polymer solution prior to electrospinning (non-solvent induced phase separation, NIPS) [27,19,31,9].”
Pore formation in polystyrene fiber by superimposing temperature and relative humidity of electrospinning atmosphere (2012, methodology): “Upon examination of the various articles, the varieties of direct approaches that have been employed to reach porous structures within electrospun fibers can be classified as follow: • Electrospinning at different levels of relative humidity [17, 22, 24, 26-27, 28, 44, 47] • Using volatile solvents ”
Fabricating porous poly(lactic acid) fibres via electrospinning (2018, methodology): “6 is a schematic diagram of the formation of surface porosity by the non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) mechanism.”