A critical review of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 trials in spinal surgery: emerging safety concerns and lessons learned.

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Biomaterial strategies for engineering implants for enhanced osseointegration and bone repair (2015, background): “Although use of BMP-2 and BMP-7 has shown positive results, there are concerns about adverse effects on humans due to use of supraphysiological doses, inflammatory side effects, and low retention times of these growth factors at the injury site [20].”
Bone regeneration strategies: engineered scaffolds, bioactive molecules and stem cells Current stage and future perspectives (2018, neutral): “5 mg/mL of BMP-2) for human use, and off-label use (85%), including inflammation and pain[71, 72].”
A Review of the Clinical Side Effects of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (2016, neutral): “22 Leakage can occur into the epidural space and lead to root compression of nerves by ectopic bone impingement, and the incidence rate of postoperative radiculitis was 14.0% with rhBMP-2 treatment (in comparison with 3.0% in control groups).”