Size of sexual swellings reflects ovarian function in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

By Melissa Emery, Patricia L. Whitten. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2003

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Social competition and its consequences in female mammals (2013, background): “…with large 989 swellings for the size and colouring of female sexual swellings varies throughout 990 the menstrual cycle of females, providing an approximate indicator of variation in 991 fecundity (Zinner et al. 2004, Plavcan 2004, Emery & Whitten 2003, Higham et al. 992 2008, Higham et al. 2009).”
Sexual selection in wild baboons: from mating opportunities to paternity success (2006, background): “Evidence from both captive and wild chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes (Emery & Whitten 2003; Deschner et al. 2004) and from wild baboons (Gesquiere et al., in press) supports the hypothesis that changes in sexual swelling size and in sex hormone profiles provide potential cues for males about how likely…”
Conflict and Cooperation in Wild Chimpanzees (2005, background): “The cue that males use to monitor female reproductive condition is not known, but swelling size probably plays a role, as both captive and wild data show a positive relationship between swelling size and hormonal measures of fecundity (Deschner et al., 2004; Emery and Whitten, 2003).”