LES of atomizing spray with stochastic modeling of secondary breakup

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Filtered particle tracking in isotropic turbulence and stochastic modeling of subgrid-scale dispersion (2009, background): “A relevant industrial example is fuel injection in Diesel engine or a gas turbine combustor where the dispersed phase is present in the form of small droplets (Apte et al. 2003, Moin & Apte 2006).”
Multiscale simulation of atomization with small droplets represented by a Lagrangian point-particle model (2014, methodology): “The LPP model has been widely utilized in particle-laden flows and sprays [2, 6].”
Secondary breakup of a drop at moderate Weber numbers (2015, background): “A complete understanding of the size distribution of droplets from secondary atomization would be immensely important for developing more accurate secondary breakup models for dense sprays [66].”
Experimental statistics of droplet trajectory and air flow during aerodynamic fragmentation of liquid drops (2012, methodology): “These methods solve the gas-phase dynamics over a fixed grid and track the drop dynamics using Newton’s second law coupled with models of aerodynamic drag, deformation, and fragmentation (O’Rourke and Amsden, 1987; Reitz, 1987; Ibrahim et al., 1993; Tanner, 1997; Schmehl, 2002; Apte et al., 2003).”