Influence of convective processes on the isotopic composition (delta O-18 and delta D) of precipitation and water vapor in the tropics : 2. Physical interpretation of the amount effect - art. no.…

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Tropospheric water vapor, convection, and climate (2010, background): “One interesting finding however is that the well‐known empirical relation between rain rate and isotopic composition of rain water (the so‐called “amount effect”) can be explained primarily through the high relative humidity that is normally associated with heavy rain [Risi et al., 2008].”
Role of continental recycling in intraseasonal variations of continental moisture as deduced from model simulations and water vapor isotopic measurements (2013, background): “…dominates, the more intense the convection, the more depleted the vapor, due to the depleting effect of unsaturated downdrafts, rainfall reevaporation in a moist environment and rain-vapor diffusive exchanges [Lawrence et al., 2004; Risi et al., 2008; Worden et al., 2007; Field et al., 2010].”
Water-stable isotopes in the LMDZ4 general circulation model: Model evaluation for present-day and past climates and applications to climatic interpretations of tropical isotopic records (2010, background): “Most of the tropical precipitation arises from convective processes, which strongly affect the isotopic composition of both vapor and precipitation [Lawrence et al., 2004; Bony et al., 2008; Risi et al., 2008a, 2008b].”