A role for brain stress systems in addiction.

By G. Koob. Neuron, 2008

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Neurocircuitry of Addiction (2009, background): “…response to dopaminergic activation and, in turn, that overactivity of the dynorphin systems can decrease dopaminergic function. k-Opioid agonists are aversive, and cocaine, opioid, and ethanol withdrawal is associated with increased dynorphin in the nucleus accumbens and/or amygdala (Koob, 2008).”
Amygdala inhibitory circuits and the control of fear memory. (2009, background): “Thus, anxiety- and stress-related behavioral effects of neuropeptides may be mediated through their actions on distinct subpopulations of neurons in CEA with distinct outputs and/or by modulating CEl-CEm inhibitory interactions (Koob, 2008).”
Reward Processing by the Opioid System in the Brain (2009, neutral): “drug craving, seeking, and relapse (186, 200, 324).”