Cryogenic treatment to augment wear resistance of tool and die steels

By D. Lal, S. Renganarayanan, A. Kalanidhi. 2001

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Cryoprocessing of cutting tool materials—a review (2010, background): “Mohanlal et al. [ 9 ] also did not rule out the precipitation of fine alloying carbides as one of the reason for the enhancement in tool life of tool and die steels.”
A review of cryogenic cooling in machining processes (2008, methodology): “In this method, samples are cooled down to cryogenic temperature and maintained at this temperature for a long time and then heated back to room temperature to improve wear resistance and dimensional stability of them [67,68].”
Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on the Carbide Precipitation and Tribological Behavior of D2 Steel (2007, result): “[4] studied the effect of cryogenic treatment on different steels, and by machining tests, these authors obtained nearly 110%, 87%, and 48% increment in tool life for cryotreated T1, M2, and D3 tools, respectively, in comparison to the corresponding standard heat-treated tools.”
Cryogenic Treatment of Tool Materials: A Review (2010, background): “, to analyze the improvements in mechanical properties [6, 7, 12, 17, 26, 29, 32, 47, 53, 57, 73, 85].”
Investigation of the effects of cryogenic treatment applied at different holding times to cemented carbide inserts on tool wear (2014, background): “It is known that higher cutting speeds dramatically increase temperatures in the cutting zone because of the rapid plastic deformation of the steel [31].”