Pathological mechanisms in progressive multiple sclerosis.

By Don H Mahad, B. Trapp, Hans Lassmann. Lancet Neurology, 2015

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An updated histological classification system for multiple sclerosis lesions (2016, background): “Although there are a number of excellent reviews summarizing and discussing the histopathology of MS, for example [8, 14, 18, 31, 37, 46, 52], the focus of this article is to describe the most frequent lesion types and to provide guidelines for neuropathologists and researchers for the classificatio”
Multiple Sclerosis Pathology. (2018, background): “This appears to result in energy deficiency and subsequent ionic imbalance in oligodendrocytes, axons, and neurons, which can be amplified by age-related hypoxic tissue injury (Trapp and Stys 2009; Mahad et al. 2015).”
Pathogenic Mechanisms Associated With Different Clinical Courses of Multiple Sclerosis (2019, background): “Tissue injury may at least in be part mediated by a cascade involving microglia and macrophage activation, oxidative injury and mitochondrial damage (5).”
Hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. (2023, neutral): “Such non-proteinopathic diseases include TBI, 32,33 CTE, 32,33 stroke, 34,35 SCI, 36 and MS, 37,38 where the primary insult is not obviously related to protein aggregation.”