Abduction

By Gabriel Fortes. 2021

There are in science three fundamentally different kinds of reasoning, Deduction (called by Aristotle {synagögé} or {anagögé}), Induction (Aristotle’s and Plato’s {epagögé}) and Retroduction (Aristotle’s {apagögé}, but misunderstood because of corrupt text, and as misunderstood usually translated abduction). Besides these three, Analogy (Aristotle’s {paradeigma}) combines the characters of Induction and Retroduction.

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Citations in the corpus

Explanation in Human-AI Systems: A Literature Meta-Review, Synopsis of Key Ideas and Publications, and Bibliography for Explainable AI (2019, background): “…education and philosophy make it clear that explanation, as a cognitive process, is also closely related to retrospection since explanations are often focused on understanding past events (Douven, 2011; Lombrozo, 2012; Shank, 1998; Wilkenfeld and Lombrozo, 2015; Lombrozo and Gwynne, 2014a).”
Explanation in Artificial Intelligence: Insights from the Social Sciences (2017, background): “In addition to the cognitive biases of people to discount probability, the probabilistic approaches have the problem that such fine-grained probabilities are not always available [93].”
A Multitask, Multilingual, Multimodal Evaluation of ChatGPT on Reasoning, Hallucination, and Interactivity (2023, background): “Inductive reasoning is based on “observations or evidence” while deductive is based on “truth of the premises” (i.e., necessarily true inference) (Douven, 2017).”
Distance geometry and data science (2019, background): “Abduction (Douven 2017) infers educated guesses about a likely state of a known universe from observed facts: given H and O, we infer P.”