Recognition of lipopolysaccharide pattern by TLR4 complexes
By B. Park, Jie-Oh Lee. Experimental and Molecular Medicine, 2013
1,141 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Minute amounts of LPS released from infecting pathogens can initiate potent innate immune responses that prime the immune system against further infection. However, when the LPS response is not properly controlled it can lead to fatal septic shock syndrome. The common structural pattern of LPS in diverse bacterial species is recognized by a cascade of LPS receptors and accessory proteins, LPS binding protein (LBP), CD14 and the Toll-like receptor4 (TLR4)–MD-2 complex. The structures of these proteins account for how our immune system differentiates LPS molecules from structurally similar host molecules. They also provide insights useful for discovery of anti-sepsis drugs. In this review, we summarize these structures and describe the structural basis of LPS recognition by LPS receptors and accessory proteins.
Subfields: Epidemiology, Immunology, Microbiology
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5742ffccd2d0913471638eb1b28d67899572a660
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Citations in the corpus
- Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases (2021, background): “Membranebound PRRs and PRRs in the cytoplasm are basically composed of ligand recognition domains, intermediate domains, and effector domains.(23,24) PRRs activate downstream signaling pathways through recognition of their ligands.”
- TLR4 and CD14 trafficking and its influence on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling (2020, background): “The binding of an LPS molecule to the TLR4/MD-2 complex involves acyl chains and phosphate groups of lipid A, the conserved part of LPS and the main inducer of pro-inflammatory responses to LPS [13, 14].”
- Metabolomics for Investigating Physiological and Pathophysiological Processes. (2019, background): “These chemical communication systems have persisted and evolved in eukaryotes, leading to the use or re-use of various small molecules to control cell differentiation (morphogens), selectively propagate or kill cells (immune signaling), detect pathogens (lipopolysaccharide signaling), attack and kil”
- Lipopolysaccharide modification in Gram-negative bacteria during chronic infection. (2016, background): “The typically hexa-acylated lipid A elicits robust inflammatory responses upon recognition by the complex Toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 2 (TLR4-MD2), which is predominantly found on macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells (Park et al. , 2009, Park & Lee, 2013).”
- Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Association with Signalling Pathways in Inflammation, Glucose and Lipid Metabolism (2020, background): “These cells then secrete pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF, IL-1β and IL-6, leading to an inflammatory response [88,89].”