Sap flow measurements with some thermodynamic methods, flow integration within trees and scaling up from sample trees to entire forest stands

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Ecohydrological advances and applications in plant-water relations research: a review (2011, background): “Accounting for radial variation in sap velocity is essential for accurate estimates of whole-plant water use (Čermák et al. 2004; Nadezhdina et al. 2002; Pausch et al. 2000).”
Scots pine root distribution derived from radial sap flow patterns in stems of large leaning trees (2008, methodology): “The main features of the variation in sap flow in tree stems which are important for tree water relations, including conductivity and storage, and the parameters needed for scaling up data from trees to stands are already known (Swanson 1965; Cermak et al. 1982, 1992, 2004; Cermak and Kucera 1987;”