Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air.
By C. Boström, P. Gerde, A. Hanberg, B. Jernström, C. Johansson, T. Kyrklund, A. Rannug, M. Törnqvist, K. Victorin, R. Westerholm. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2002
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed during incomplete combustion. Domestic wood burning and road traffic are the major sources of PAHs in Sweden. In Stockholm, the sum of 14 different PAHs is 100-200 ng/m(3) at the street-level site, the most abundant being phenanthrene. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) varies between 1 and 2 ng/m(3). Exposure to PAH-containing substances increases the risk of cancer in humans. The carcinogenicity of PAHs is associated with the complexity of the molecule, i.e., increasing number of benzenoid rings, and with metabolic activation to reactive diol epoxide intermediates and their subsequent covalent binding to critical targets in DNA. B[a]P is the main indicator of carcinogenic PAHs. Fluoranthene is an important volatile PAH because it occurs at high concentrations in ambient air and because it is an experimental carcinogen in certain test systems. Thus, fluoranthene is suggested as a complementary indicator to B[a]P. The most carcinogenic PAH identified, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, is also suggested as an indicator, although it occurs at very low concentrations. Quantitative cancer risk estimates of PAHs as air pollutants are very uncertain because of the lack of useful, good-quality data. According to the World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, the unit risk is 9 X 10(-5) per ng/m(3) of B[a]P as indicator of the total PAH content, namely, lifetime exposure to 0.1 ng/m(3) would theoretically lead to one extra cancer case in 100,000 exposed individuals. This concentration of 0.1 ng/m(3) of B[a]P is suggested as a health-based guideline. Because the carcinogenic potency of fluoranthene has been estimated to be approximately 20 times less than that of B[a]P, a tentative guideline value of 2 ng/m(3) is suggested for fluoranthene. Other significant PAHs are phenanthrene, methylated phenanthrenes/anthracenes and pyrene (high air concentrations), and large-molecule PAHs such as dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (high carcinogenicity). Additional source-specific indicators are benzo[ghi]perylene for gasoline vehicles, retene for wood combustion, and dibenzothiophene and benzonaphthothiophene for sulfur-containing fuels.
Subfields: Cancer Research, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/56800e6ea29a5ec2db3f0a35ace34f88f9cd76bd
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Citations in the corpus
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: from metabolism to lung cancer. (2015, background): “traffic are also major sources of PAHs (Bostrom et al., 2002).”
- Effects of transplacental exposure to environmental pollutants on birth outcomes in a multiethnic population. (2003, background): “In addition to being genotoxic and carcinogenic, PAHs such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) are endocrine disruptors (Bostrom et al. 2002; Bui et al. 1986; Davis et al. 1993).”
- Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures. (2010, background): “Coke production increased more than fivefold in the People's Republic of China between 1970 and 1995, with concomitant decreases in Europe and North America.”