Battery balancing methods: A comprehensive review

By Jian Cao, Nigel Schofield, Ali Emadi. 2008 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, 2008

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Multiphase interleaved converter for lithium battery active balancing (2012, background): “Active balancing is considered [1,2] to guaranty voltage balance among series connected cells while offering access to all available energy in the stack even if elementary cells are non identical from their storage capability point of views.”
Energy Sharing Control Scheme for State-of-Charge Balancing of Distributed Battery Energy Storage System (2015, background): “A variety of cell balancing schemes have been presented in the literature, as in [1], [3]–[9], and [15]–[17].”
Energy Management and Optimization Methods for Grid Energy Storage Systems (2018, neutral): “with several reviews [19], [20].”
Modeling and Analysis of Series–Parallel Switched-Capacitor Voltage Equalizer for Battery/Supercapacitor Strings (2015, methodology): “The simplest method to equalize battery cells’ voltage is implemented using resistors to consume the exceed energy of higher voltage cells in the form of heat [5], [6].”
Passive and active battery balancing comparison based on MATLAB simulation (2011, methodology): “Single-Windings Transformer Single windings transformer as well, known as “switched transformer” [1-3], [9], [19-20], is actually a selectable energy converter [3].”