Numerical modeling of heat-transfer and the influence of process parameters on tailoring the grain morphology of IN718 in electron beam additive manufacturing ☆

By N. Raghavan, Ryan R. Dehoff, Sreekanth Pannala, S. Simunovic, M. Kirka, John A. Turner, N. Carlson, S. Babu. 2016

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Microstructure modelling for metallic additive manufacturing: a review (2020, background): “It is shown that changing the parameters and scanning strategy can result in tailored microstructure (Körner et al. 2014; Parimi et al. 2014; Dehoff et al. 2015; Wei, Mazumder, and DebRoy 2015; Raghavan et al. 2016).”
Additive manufacturing of metallic components – Process, structure and properties (2018, methodology): “37(a) and (b) shows the prediction of solidification parameters for grain morphology of IN718 in PBF-EB using point heat sources [354].”
Grain refinement of stainless steel in ultrasound-assisted additive manufacturing (2020, background): “However, the low temperature gradients (G) required to form equiaxed grains in many alloys are often difficult to achieve during AM based on established maps of solidification [8-10].”
Atomic-scale grain boundary engineering to overcome hot-cracking in additively-manufactured superalloys (2019, unknown): “[16,17].”
Towards understanding grain nucleation under Additive Manufacturing solidification conditions (2020, background): “Tn [34], constitutional supercooling TCS, [35], thermal gradient [36-39], and the inoculant density [34, 40].”
Mechanism of keyhole pore formation in metal additive manufacturing (2021, background): “It should be mentioned that as the grain morphology in the mushy zone is mostly columnar and rarely equiaxed [4, 36, 37], the drag force should be anisotropic.”