Heat transfer and flow behaviour of aqueous suspensions of TiO2 nanoparticles (nanofluids) flowing upward through a vertical pipe

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Effect of particle size on the viscosity of nanofluids: A review (2018, background): “8 [36,48-67] on the relative viscosity of nanofluids by considering the particle size effect.”
Experimental determination of turbulent forced convection heat transfer and friction factor with SiO2 nanofluid (2013, background): “(5) and the data from literature [15,16,19] as shown in Fig.”
Preparation Techniques of TiO2 Nanofluids and Challenges: A Review (2018, background): “[77] Two Step Ultrasonication + pH Adjustment 95 nm Distilled Water – Anatase, Rutile 1, 2.”
Viscosity of Nanofluids. Why It Is Not Described by the Classical Theories (2013, background): “Thus, He with colleagues [51] asserts that the viscosity increases with increasing size of nanoparticles.”
Progress of Nanofluid Application in Machining: A Review (2015, background): “[28] discovered that addition of nanoparticles into base fluid improves the thermal conduction.”
A brief review on viscosity of nanofluids (2014, positive): “1 Increase in viscosity with increase in particle size [30]”