Multiple predator-avoidance behaviours of the freshwater snail Physella heterostropha pomila: responses vary with risk

By T. McCarthy, W. Fisher. 2000

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Wall lizards combine chemical and visual cues of ambush snake predators to avoid overestimating risk inside refuges (2004, unknown): “Prey should use multiple cues of predators to assess accurately the level of predation risk (McCarthy & Fisher 2000).”
Chemical ecology of predator–prey interactions in aquatic ecosystems: a review and prospectusThe present review is one in the special series of reviews on animal–plant interactions. (2010, unknown): “McCarthy and Fisher (2000), however, reported that snails responded the strongest to conspecific alarm cues and displayed lower intensity of antipredator behaviour when exposed to predator odour alone or predator odour paired with conspecific alarm cues.”
Plasticity constrained: over-generalized induction cues cause maladaptive phenotypes (2002, background): “Crawling to the waterline or above the waterline is a typical anti-predator behaviour in physid snails (Snyder, 1966; Alexander and Covich, 1991b; Turner, 1995, 1997; DeWitt et al., 1999; McCarthy and Fisher, 2000).”