Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and non-Hispanic whites: results from the National Survey of American Life.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys (2017, background): “Also in the USA, major depressive disorder is less prevalent, but more likely to be chronic, among minority groups (Williams et al. 2007).”
Can social relationships explain the race paradox in mental health (2013, background): “Data from large population-based surveys reveal that Blacks have lower rates than Whites for most major psychiatric disorders (Breslau et al., 2006; Breslau, Kendler, Su, Gaxiola-Aguilar, & Kessler, 2005; Kessler et al., 1994; Williams et al., 2007; Zhang & Snowden, 1999).”
The social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations (2024, background): “For those with diagnosed mental disorders, there is strong evidence that many ethnoracial minoritized groups – and particularly peo ple of Black ethnicities – experience more negative pathways into care and psychiatric treatment 154156 , resulting in higher levels of morbidity 157 .”
Microaggressions and the Enduring Mental Health Disparity (2015, background): “Multiple causes have been proposed for mental health disparities generally: cultural misunderstanding (Mckenzie, Fearon, & Hutchinson, 2008; Miranda, McGuire, Williams, & Wang, 2008), misdiagnosis (Patel & Hegginbotham, 2007; Williams et al., 2007), and discrimination (Miranda et al.”