The Speaking Machine of Wolfgang von Kempelen

By H. Dudley, T. Tarnóczy. 1949

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A Survey on Neural Speech Synthesis (2021, background): “In the 2nd half of the 18th century, the Hungarian scientist, Wolfgang von Kempelen, had constructed a speaking machine with a series of bellows, springs, bagpipes and resonance boxes to produce some simple words and short sentences [70].”
An Overview of Affective Speech Synthesis and Conversion in the Deep Learning Era (2022, background): “The first recorded TTS system is Wolfgang von Kempelen’s 18th-century pipes and bellows machine, which was able to produce vowel and consonant approximations, which, when properly combined, allowed visitors in his lab to recognize certain words [54].”
Vertebrate Sound Production and Acoustic Communication (2016, background): “…prize, asking “Can an instrument be constructed… which accurately expresses the sounds of these vowels?” and shortly afterward Wolfgang von Kemepelen created his famous speaking machine that could understandably imitate whole phrases in French or Italian (Dudley and Tarnoczy 1950 ; Linggard 1985 ).”
Introduction to Data Compression (2005, methodology): “Sound was produced by forcing air through this tube using bellows [219].”