Programmable and autonomous computing machine made of biomolecules

By Yaakov Benenson, T. Paz-Elizur, Rivka Adar, E. Keinan, Z. Livneh, Ehud Y. Shapiro. Nature, 2001

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DNA computing circuits using libraries of DNAzyme subunits. (2010, methodology): “The primary YES gate is activated by input I8 (EF), leading to the cleavage of the two substrates (17)/(18) and (26)/(27) and yielding the outputs R(3)AB and R(2)CD, which act as inputs for two parallel YES gates that activate the cleavage of substrates (12) and (5), respectively (Fig.”
Programmable chemical controllers made from DNA (2013, background): “However, perfect transmission is most probably unrealistic, as for any given transmission event, an information loss is expected, particularly for complex tasks 4,21 .”
Synchronizing Automata and the Cerny Conjecture (2008, methodology): “Here we refer to recent experiments (Benenson et al, 2001, 2003) in which DNA molecules have been used as both hardware and software for finite automata of nanoscaling size.”