ATM and ATR: networking cellular responses to DNA damage.

By Yosef Shiloh. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development, 2001

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Cell cycle checkpoint signaling through the ATM and ATR kinases. (2001, background): “Indeed, gel filtration analyses indicate that both ATM and ATR are constitutive residents of very high molecular weight (MR, >2 × 10 6 D) protein complexes in mammalian cells (Wright et al. 1998; Shiloh 2001).”
Mechanisms and pathways of growth failure in primordial dwarfism. (2011, background): “It has many similarities to ATM, another PI3K-like kinase that activates a similar, overlapping signaling cascade in response to dsDNA breaks (Shiloh 2001).”
Cellular response to oxidative stress: Signaling for suicide and survival * (2002, background): “Chk2, another kinase capable of phosphorylating serine-20 of p53 (Hirao et al., 2000), is directly phosphorylated by ATM following IR and by ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) following UVC treatment (Matsuoka et al., 2000; reviewed in Shiloh, 2001).”