18% Efficiency Cd-Free Cu(In, Ga)Se2 Thin-Film Solar Cells Fabricated Using Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD)-ZnS Buffer Layers

By T. Nakada, M. Mizutani. 2002

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Buffer layers and transparent conducting oxides for chalcopyrite Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 based thin film photovoltaics: present status and current developments (2010, methodology): “Nakada and Mizutani [25] used a bath composed of ZnSO4 (0 16M)-ammonia (7 5M)-thiourea (0 6M) aqueous solution at 808C. Thick films (100 nm) for solar cells were obtained by repeating this CBD process about 3 times for 15min.”
High‐efficiency copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) solar cells with indium sulfide buffer layers deposited by atomic layer chemical vapor deposition (ALCVD) (2003, unknown): “ZnS buffers give the best results with efficiencies up to 18%, while the other buffers are at the level of 15–16%.(4) In parallel much effort is currently devoted to establishing a vapor-phase process which is generally considered more advantageous for process integration in a vacuum production line”
Solar photovoltaic electricity: Current status and future prospects (2011, background): “A record efficiency of 18.8% has been achieved for CBD-ZnS recently (Nakada and Mizutani, 2002).”