Enzymatic hydrolysis combined with mechanical shearing and high-pressure homogenization for nanoscale cellulose fibrils and strong gels.

By M. Pääkkö, Mikael Ankerfors, H. Kosonen, A. Nykänen, S. Ahola, M. Österberg, J. Ruokolainen, J. Laine, P. Larsson, O. Ikkala and 1 more. Biomacromolecules, 2007

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State of the Art Manufacturing and Engineering of Nanocellulose: A Review of Available Data and Industrial Applications (2013, background): “These problems are associated with: (i) clogging of the homogenizer, when the pulp is pumped through high pressure/homogenizers, (ii) excessive energy consumption [109,113] unless the pulp is subjected to: acid hydrolysis prior to refining [114], oxidation by TEMPO, chemical purifications [115], enz”
Advances in cellulose nanomaterials (2018, methodology): “For example, by combining mechanical treatment with chemical or enzymatic treatments, it is possible to decrease the energy consumption from 20,000–30,000 kWh/ton to around 1000 kWh/ton (Pääkkö et al. 2007).”
Production and modification of nanofibrillated cellulose using various mechanical processes: a review. (2014, methodology): “Pääkkö et al. (2007) applied mild enzymatic hydrolysis combined with refining and homogenization to produce NFC from bleached softwood pulp.”