Effect of modification with HNO3 and NaOH on metal adsorption by pitch-based activated carbon fibers

By J. Shim, Soojin Park, S. Ryu. 2001

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Study on the removal of heavy metal ions from industry waste by carbon nanotubes: Effect of the surface modification: a review (2016, background): “Mechanism of adsorption metal ions by CNTs. (a) CNTs, (b) CNTs-COOH, and (c) adsorption of ions by CNTs-COOH. amount of oxygen-containing functional groups like COOH, OH, or CO on the surface site of CNTs (Shim et al., 2001).”
A bioseparation process for removing heavy metals from waste water using biosorbents (2006, background): “…effluents which have received much attention in recent years is usually achieved by using activated carbon or activated alumina (Faust and Aly, 1987; Shim et al., 2001; Ouki et al., 1997; Hsisheng and Chien-To, 1998; Ralph et al., 1999; Ali et al., 1998; Monser and Adhoun, 2002; Igwe et al., 2005).”
Asymmetric capacitive deionization utilizing nitric acid treated activated carbon fiber as the cathode (2015, background): “Nitric acid treatment is a simple, yet effective way to introduce oxygen containing functional groups and modify Epzc of carbon materials and has been widely investigated [46–48].”