X‐ray bursts associated with leader steps in cloud‐to‐ground lightning

By Joseph R. Dwyer, H. Rassoul, M. Al-Dayeh, L. Caraway, A. Chrest, B. Wright, E. Kozak, J. Jerauld, Martin A. Uman, V. Rakov and 2 more. 2005

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Monte Carlo model for analysis of thermal runaway electrons in streamer tips in transient luminous events and streamer zones of lightning leaders (2006, background): “, 1992; Roussel-Dupre et al., 1994] runaway threshold (Et) and is the basis of the Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanche (RREA) model proposed by Gurevich et al. [1992]. At electron energies around 1 MeV the probability of collisions with neutrals is greatly decreased and any electron with an init”
Problems in lightning physics—the role of polarity asymmetry (2006, background): “An active and controversial area in lightning physics concerns the causes of runaway electrons and their role in the dielectric breakdown in thunderclouds and the sources of recently discovered x-rays and gamma radiation (Dwyer et al 2004, 2005, Smith et al 2005).”
The physics of lightning (2014, background): “In 2004, two natural lightning strikes were recorded by the X-ray instruments at the ICLRT, both approximately 300 m from the instruments [173].”
High-Energy Atmospheric Physics: Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes and Related Phenomena (2012, background): “Dwyer et al. (2005b) showed that x-ray bursts detected during natural cloud-to-ground lightning at the ICLRT were produced by the stepped leader during the formation of the steps, indicating a connection between the x-ray emission and lightning leader propagation.”