Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe.

By E. Kuijper, B. Coignard, P. Tüll. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2006

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Emergence of Clostridium difficile infection due to a new hypervirulent strain, polymerase chain reaction ribotype 078. (2008, methodology): “Definitions proposed by the European and American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were used [13, 14].”
Factors involved in the aerosol transmission of infection and control of ventilation in healthcare premises (2006, background): “rope [6, 7].”
European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases: update of the treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection. (2014, background): “Pseudomembranous colitis as diagnosed during endoscopy, after colectomy or on autopsy [3,11,19].”
The Changing Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile Infections (2010, background): “One year later (July 2008), C. difficile ribotype 027 was detected in 16 European countries, causing outbreaks in Belgium, Germany, Finland, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (111).”
Biology and Diseases of Mice (2015, neutral): “In the early 2000s, an increased interest in C. difficile infection (CDI) resulted from the emergence of a hyper-virulent strain (NAP1/BI/027) associated with frequent recurrences and more severe clinical disease (Abou Chakra et al., 2014; McFarland, 2009; Kuijper et al., 2006) .”