Ubiquitous low‐level liquid‐containing Arctic clouds: New observations and climate model constraints from CALIPSO‐GOCCP

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Evaluation of the cloud thermodynamic phase in a climate model using CALIPSO‐GOCCP (2013, background): “…cloud thermodynamic phase from one model to another, which contributes to cloud climate feedback uncertainties [e.g., Yokohata et al., 2005], and may limit the ability of the climate model to reproduce observed net radiative fluxes in specific regions such as the Arctic [e.g., Cesana et al., 2012].”
Large contribution of supercooled liquid clouds to the solar radiation budget of the Southern Ocean (2016, background): “Recent observational studies show the prevalence of supercooled liquid water (T , 273.15K) in low-level clouds in the midlatitude oceans (Hu et al. 2010; Huang et al. 2012), but their simulation in climate models is still challenging (Cesana et al. 2012; Forbes and Ahlgrimm 2014).”
The role of cloud phase in Earth's radiation budget (2017, background): “, 2010] and, in particular, at higher latitudes where it is a significant driver of radiative fluxes [Cesana et al., 2012; van Tricht et al., 2016].”
Arctic sea ice in transformation: A review of recent observed changes and impacts on biology and human activity (2014, background): “In general, low-level stratiform liquid and mixed-phase clouds exert the most significant cloud effect on the surface radiation budget [Tjernström and Graversen, 2009; Cesana et al., 2012].”