Modeling Backscatter Properties of Snowfall at Millimeter Wavelengths

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Observed relations between snowfall microphysics and triple‐frequency radar measurements (2015, background): “At Ka band, attenuation due to snowfall is in general 1 order of magnitude lower [e.g., Matrosov, 2007].”
Fall speed measurement and high-resolution multi-angle photography of hydrometeors in free fall (2012, methodology): “Radar measurement is based on the intensity of back-scattering by snowflakes (e.g., Matrosov, 2007; Liu, 2008b), while radiometer measurement is based on the reduction of upwelling microwave energy that is initially emitted by surface and lower atmospheric gases, and then scattered by snowflakes in…”