ALS gene proline (197) mutations confer ALS herbicide resistance in eight separated wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) populations

By Q. Yu, X. Zhang, A. Hashem, M. Walsh, Stephen Powles. Weed science, 2003

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Frequency and distribution of herbicide resistance in Raphanus raphanistrum populations randomly collected across the Western Australian wheatbelt (2007, background): “…at amino acid position 197 (relative to Arabidopsis) of the ALS enzyme, which in susceptible plants is proline, but in resistant R. raphanistrum has been substituted with any of serine, histidine, threonine or alanine (Tan & Medd, 2002; Yu et al., 2003; Friesen and SB Powles, unpubl. obs.).”
Evolution in action: plants resistant to herbicides. (2010, background): “Therefore, unsurprisingly, studies with particular resistant biotypes show reduced (6, 42, 43), increased (13, 194, 196), or unchanged (13, 142) AHAS activity.”
Mutations in ALS confer herbicide resistance in redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) (2005, background): “Resistant populations with either Ala, Arg, Gln, His, Leu, Ser, or Thr substitutions exist in kochia, wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) and Lindernia spp. (Guttieri et al. 1995; Uchino and Watanabe 2002; Yu et al. 2003).”