Immature, semi-mature and fully mature dendritic cells: which signals induce tolerance or immunity?

By M. Lutz, Gerold Schuler. Trends in immunology, 2002

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The immunomodulatory properties of probiotic microorganisms beyond their viability (ghost probiotics: proposal of paraprobiotic concept) (2011, background): “Thus, unlike bifidobacteria, lactobacilli appear to generate ‘‘semi-mature’’ DCs (Lutz and Schuler 2002), a phenotype characterised by increased costimulatory marker expression but low production of proinflammatory cytokines.”
Hepatic T cells and liver tolerance (2003, background): “cgi?l=7124">TNF ), and such DCs prime CD4 + T cells to deliver an immune respons”
Regulatory T cells, tumour immunity and immunotherapy (2006, background): “However, immature and semi-mature DCs induced regulatory T cells in mic”
Introducing Dendritic Cells as a Novel Immune-Inspired Algorithm for Anomoly Detection (2005, background): “The release of TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor) from apoptosing cells is thought to be one candidate responsible for creating semimature DCs [9].”