Evidence that human disturbance reduces Snowy Plover chick survival

By T. Ruhlen, Sue Abbott, Lynne E. Stenzel, G. Page. 2003

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Effect of human activities on the behaviour of breeding Spanish imperial eagles (Aquila adalberti): management implications for the conservation of a threatened species (2006, background): “…effects of human activities on bird populations have documented the relationships between human disturbance and productivity (White & Thurow, 1985; Ruhlen et al., 2003), changes in the use of habitat or breeding sites (e.g. McGarigal, Anthony & Isaacs, 1991; FernándezJuricic, 2002) or its…”
AGE-RELATED SURVIVAL AND BEHAVIOR OF SNOWY PLOVER CHICKS (2007, unknown): “Other studies of beach-breeding plovers have reported a negative correlation between human activity and either chick survival (Ruhlen et al. 2003) or reproductive success (Flemming et al. 1988).”
Habituation and habitat changes can moderate the impacts of human disturbance on shorebird breeding performance (2007, result): “Our results confirm those of other studies that have found greater rates of plover chick mortality with increasing disturbance (Flemming et al., 1988; Ruhlen et al., 2003) and where human and dog use of beaches is uncontrolled (Dowling & Weston, 1999).”