Direct atomic-level insight into the active sites of a high-performance PGM-free ORR catalyst

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Single-Atom Catalysts: Synthetic Strategies and Electrochemical Applications (2018, background): “The simultaneous improvement of these two aspects endows SACs’ great potential to enhance electrocatalytic activity.(17,54,55) The homogeneous structure enables the enhancement of selectivity of SACs due to similar spatial and electronic interaction with reactive species.”
Atomically Dispersed Metal Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction (2019, background): “22 In particular, MN4 moieties have been identified as possible active sites for the ORR, as evidenced by advanced spectroscopy characterization and first principles calculations.(23-26) The active site identification underscores the promising nature of catalysts based on earth-abundant”
A universal principle for a rational design of single-atom electrocatalysts (2018, neutral): “23a, among all single TM atoms supported on graphene, only catalysts with φ values in the range 30–32 show the higher U onset for ORR than that of Pt(111).”