Lignin fast pyrolysis: results from an international collaboration.

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Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis: A Review (2013, background): “Chars can also be used as a fuel [20], and there is potential to expand the resource base to include non-traditional feedstock such as lignin [21], sewage sludge, chicken litter [22], and even salmon waste [23].”
Process Design and Economics for the Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Hydrocarbons: Dilute-Acid and Enzymatic Deconstruction of Biomass to Sugars and Biological Conversion of Sugars to Hydrocarbons (2013, background): “For example, pyrolysis and gasification of lignin-enriched streams following pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis have been examined at length, but both strategies exhibit significant technical hurdles primarily around feeding lignin to hightemperature reactors [137].”
Transportation fuels from biomass fast pyrolysis, catalytic hydrodeoxygenation, and catalytic fast hydropyrolysis (2018, background): “At the same time, the bio-oil yield is lower, typically 3060wt% daf, while the char yield is higher, 25-50wt% daf [22,62,74,87].”
Catalytic fast pyrolysis of Kraft lignin with HZSM-5 zeolite for producing aromatic hydrocarbons (2012, background): “[17] have pointed out that lignin can not be effectively fast pyrolyzed under current reaction conditions designed for whole biomass materials that contains high fractions of cellulose; they suggested that optimal pyrolysis conditions for effectively converting high-purity lignin have yet to be syst”