MULTI-TASKING BY MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES: OVERLAPPING PROCESSES DURING FORAGING

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Foraging costs of vigilance in large mammalian herbivores (2004, background): “match scanning duration to the length of chewing bouts, one would expect that longer biting sequences would precede longer periods of vigilance because a larger bolus requires more chewing time, hence should offer more spare time (Fortin et al. 2004).”
Group-size-dependent association between food profitability, predation risk and distribution of free-ranging bison (2009, background): “Group members may benefit from dilution effects and cooperative defence against predators (Dehn 1990; Fortin et al. 2004b; Isvaran 2007).”
Adaptive models for large herbivore movements in heterogeneous landscapes (2005, background): “…density) imposes an ‘availability constraint’ to short-term rates of food intake by large herbivores (Spalinger and Hobbs 1992; Bergman et al. 2000; Fortin et al. 2004), whereas the interaction between fiber content of plants, gut capacity and food turnover (Illius and Gordon 1987) creates a…”
Effects of predation risk on group size, vigilance, and foraging behavior in an African ungulate community (2014, methodology): “…a Toyota Land Cruiser with red-filtered headlights, following at a distance that did not detectably disturb the predators or prey herds, usually around 100 m. We made observations using night vision goggles and binoculars, sometimes assisted with intermittent use of handheld red-filtered spotlight.”