Electron losses from the radiation belts caused by EMIC waves

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Earth's Van Allen Radiation Belts: From Discovery to the Van Allen Probes Era (2019, background): “…to play an important role in precipitating energetic electrons into the upper atmosphere through pitch angle scattering (Jordanova et al., 2008; Kersten et al., 2014; Li et al., 2007; Miyoshi et al., 2008; Shprits et al., 2016, 2017; Su et al., 2017; Summers & Thorne, 2003; Thorne & Kennel,…”
Resonant scattering of outer zone relativistic electrons by multiband EMIC waves and resultant electron loss time scales (2015, background): “…commonly adopted a parallel or quasi-parallel propagation assumption to determine the resonant scattering rates of EMIC waves [e.g., Summers and Thorne, 2003; Summers, 2005; Summers et al., 2007; Li et al., 2007;Ukhorskiy et al., 2010; Subbotin et al., 2010; Kersten et al., 2014;Ma et al., 2015].”
Particle Dynamics in the Earth's Radiation Belts: Review of Current Research and Open Questions (2020, background): “…showed that nonlinear interactions with EMIC waves can cause precipitation of sub–megaelectron volt electrons, while the general assumption based on quasi‐linear resonant interactions is that the dominant interactions occur for >~2‐ MeV electrons (e.g., Kersten et al., 2014, and references within).”