The Marine Nitrogen Cycle: Overview and Challenges

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Widespread functional anoxia in the oxygen minimum zone of the Eastern South Pacific (2012, background): “Thus, they support 25–50% of the removal of oceanic fixed nitrogen (Codispoti, 2007; Gruber, 2008) through anaerobic microbial processes including denitrification and anammox (Goering and Cline, 1970; Dalsgaard et al.”
Ocean deoxygenation in a warming world. (2010, background): “Production of N2O by both pathways will increase if O2 levels drop (Codispoti et al. 2001, Jin & Gruber 2003, Nevison et al. 2003), thus potentially amplifying global warming (Gruber 2008).”
Database of diazotrophs in global ocean: abundance, biomass and nitrogen fixation rates (2012, background): “By summing the geometric mean rates from all the regions, the global N 2 ﬁxation rate (not including the Indian Ocean) is estimated to be 62 (error range: 53–73) Tg N yr − 1 (Table 6), which is at the low end of the current geochemical estimates of 100– 200 Tg N yr − 1 for marine pelagic N 2 ﬁxation”
The microbial nitrogen-cycling network (2018, background): “Here, the main nitrogen-transforming processes are nitrogen assimilation by cyanobacteria, such as Prochlorococcus marinus 70 , ammonification by mesozooplankton 127 and heterotrophic bacteria, such as Pelagibacter ubique 128 and nitrification by Nitrosopumilus spp. and Nitrospina spp. (Fig.”