Increased electrical yield via water flow over the front of photovoltaic panels

By S. Krauter. 2004

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Evaluation of phase change materials for thermal regulation enhancement of building integrated photovoltaics (2010, background): “Flowing water on the front surface of PV has been shown to decrease cell temperature up to 22 C along with decreasing reflection losses yielding an overall 8–9% increase in PV electrical power output (Krauter, 2004).”
A comprehensive review of different types of solar photovoltaic cells and their applications (2019, background): “Short circuit current increases as the temperature is increased (Krauter 2004).”
Photovoltaic Panels: A Review of the Cooling Techniques (2016, background): “Cooling mechanisms have already been proposed [1-4] and the development of cooling techniques continues [5].”
Experimental investigation of water based photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system with and without phase change material (PCM) (2017, background): “Krauter (2004) reduced temperature of PV panel by 22 C by passing water on front of PV panel.”
Nano-enhanced phase change material for thermal management of BICPV (2017, background): “To list a few, the authors of [32] achieved a temperature reduction of up to 22 °C by spraying water over the PV frontal surface using water pumping systems.”