Microalgal production--a close look at the economics.

By N. Norsker, M. Barbosa, M. Vermuë, R. Wijffels. Biotechnology Advances, 2011

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A Review on the Use of Microalgae for Sustainable Aquaculture (2019, background): “However, compared with closed glass photo-bioreactors, a raceway pond system has a much lower investment cost but higher volume, making it more suitable for the treatment of aquaculture wastewater [47].”
Economic comparison of open pond raceways to photo bio-reactors for profitable production of algae for transportation fuels in the Southwest (2012, background): “[21] calculate production costs under Dutch climatic conditions for three different micro algal production systems: open ponds, horizontal tubular PBRs and flat panel PBRs.”
The effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on growth and biochemical composition of marine microalgae cultures (2012, neutral): “practical difficulties associated with the microalgal production process (Greenwell et al. 2010; Scott et al. 2010; Wijffels and Barbosa 2010; Williams and Laurens 2010; Norsker et al. 2011).”
Techno-economic analysis of microalgal biomass production in a 1-ha Green Wall Panel (GWP®) plant (2016, background): “[7] foresee that biomass production cost may decrease to €0.”
Characteristics of micro-algal biofuel from Botryococcus braunii (2017, background): “Therefore, it is reduced to 1% by adding 1% of concentrated sulfuric acid to the algal oil during the transesterification reaction (Norsker et al., 2011).”