Socioeconomic Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence Among White, Black, and Hispanic Couples in the United States

By Carol B. Cunradi, R. Caetano, J. Schafer. Journal of Family Violence, 2002

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A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence (2012, neutral): “Income was found to be a relatively strong predictor of IPV for each of the three main ethnic groups (Euro-American, African American, and Hispanic) in the United States (Cunradi et al., 2002).”
Relationship violence in young adulthood: A comparison of daters, cohabitors, and marrieds (2008, background): “Economic disadvantage can create stress and tension in close relationships that can escalate into violence, although the associations between education, employment, and violence are inconsistent (Cunradi, Caetano, and Schafer 2002).”
Domestic Violence Perpetrator Programs: A Proposal for Evidence-Based Standards in the United States (2016, background): “Several studies have addressed risk factors and cultural indicators of IPV in the Latino/Latina community; however, results should be considered inconclusive at best as the available literature presents varying and often conflicting findings (Caetano, Cunradi, et al., 2000; Caetano et al., 2009; Cae”