Ratcheting Down the Coral Reefs

96 citations recorded by the source corpus.

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Spatial patterns of the structure of reef fish assemblages at a pristine atoll in the central Pacific (2010, background): “Nowhere is this more evident than in coral reef ecosystems, where overexploitation and severe depletion are occurring on a global scale (Bellwood et al. 2004, Birkeland 2004, Pandolfi et al. 2005).”
Baselines and Degradation of Coral Reefs in the Northern Line Islands (2008, result): “We propose a model of reef degradation consistent with our data and analogous to Birkeland’s concept of ratcheting down coral reefs, where multiple, interacting effects of anthropogenic and natural stressors lead to the demise of reef health [70,71].”
Nitrogen enrichment, altered stoichiometry, and coral reef decline at Looe Key, Florida Keys, USA: a 3-decade study (2019, background): “Coral reefs have evolved over hundreds of millions of years and are now considered one of the most threatened ecosystems on our planet (Birkeland 1997, 2004; MEA 2005; Hughes et al.”